Improvements in Spiral Wound RO Membrane & Element Construction for High Fouling Feed Water

This paper introduces improvements in both reverse osmosis (RO) and nanofiltration (NF)
membrane polymer chemistry and in spiral wound RO/NF element construction. These improvements are focused on reducing the rate of fouling in high fouling feed waters while enhancing the quantity and quality of permeate water that can be economically produced. These improvements have been focused on treating those higher fouling RO/NF feed waters around the industrialized world that at one time were ignored or passed over as being too difficult to treat economically and technically.