Forward Osmosis as a Tool for Developing Sustainable Industrial Water Ecologies for Hydraulic Fracturing Dependent Gas Exploration

This paper presents both current and evolving membrane water treatment system architectures that help address the water and environmental sustainability issues effecting unconventional gas 9hydraulic fracturing-dependent hydrocarbon) exploration and production. The primary new technology central to these concepts is FO membrane water processing, which is used in synthesis with salt and water blending, to achieve the greatest possible salt and water recovery and reuses, while lowering external power and chemical input requirements, and greatly improving the environmental compatibility of unconventional gas operations.