Based on over pumping, saltwater intrusion, or contamination from nutrient loading, studies are indicating that aquifers in these states are being taxed to unsustainable levels. Utilities then must find new treatment methods or alternative sources of water such as brackish or seawater. The public perception that Desalination is expensive though is a challenge faced by utilities throughout Florida, Texas, and California but that perception is being reshaped by technological advancements including hydraulic energy conversion and energy recovery devices.

Details
First NameLance
Last NameLittrell, PE
KeywordsEnergy Recovery, Desalination, Concentrate pressure, ERD
Year15
FileW-3B-3_LittrellLance.pdf