Controlled Biofouling Comparisons Using Series Arrays of RO Membrane Elements

Controlled studies are needed which examine the anti-biofouling benefits of new membrane and module innovations. Such investigations are often very small in scale, or they may lack sufficient control over feed water properties, or fail to compare against a control group of membranes, or run outside the normal operating ranges of RO systems. To address these problems, a pilot-scale facility and test method were developed to carefully investigate biofouling of RO modules.