High Recovery Desalination Technologies and Concentrate Management

In the past 10 years there has been a considerable effort to develop alternative technologies and to modify existing technologies to reduce the costs associated with high recovery processing of municipal and industrial wastewaters. This paper reviews the status of this effort in summarizing the content of a recent Bureau of Reclamation report (Mickley, 2021). Over 80 companies and many technologies were identified and their research and development efforts characterized in the effort to represent the state of high recovery (HR) processing.